TensorFlow2.1入门学习笔记(7)——损失函数

预测值(y)与已知答案(y_)的差距

神经网络的优化目标:

loss最小: $\Rightarrow\left\{\begin{array}{lr}{mse(Mean Aquared Error)}\\{自定义}\\{ce(Cross Entropy)}\end{array}\right.$

$$MSE(y_,y)=\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}(y-y_)^2}{n}$$

  • 例 预测酸奶日销量y,x1、x2是影响日销量的因素。 建模前,应预先采集的数据有:每日x1、x2和销量y_(即已知答案,最佳的情况:产量=销量) 拟造数据集X,Y:y_=x1+x2 噪声:-0.05~+0.05 拟合可以预算销量的函数

python

import tensorflow as tf
import numpy as np

SEED = 23455

rdm = np.random.RandomState(seed=SEED)  # 生成[0,1)之间的随机数
x = rdm.rand(32, 2)
y_ = [[x1 + x2 + (rdm.rand() / 10.0 - 0.05)] for (x1, x2) in x]  # 生成噪声[0,1)/10=[0,0.1); [0,0.1)-0.05=[-0.05,0.05)
x = tf.cast(x, dtype=tf.float32)

w1 = tf.Variable(tf.random.normal([2, 1], stddev=1, seed=1))

epoch = 15000
lr = 0.002

for epoch in range(epoch):
    with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
        y = tf.matmul(x, w1)
        loss_mse = tf.reduce_mean(tf.square(y_ - y))

    grads = tape.gradient(loss_mse, w1)
    w1.assign_sub(lr * grads)

    if epoch % 500 == 0:
        print("After %d training steps,w1 is " % (epoch))
        print(w1.numpy(), "\n")
print("Final w1 is: ", w1.numpy())
  • 运行结果

如预测产品销量,预测多了,损失成本;预测少了,损失利润。若利润$\neq$成本,则mse产生的loss无法利益最大化。 自定义损失函数: $lossy_,y=\sum_{n}f(y_,y)$

$$ f(x) = \left\{ \begin{array}{lr} PROFIT*(y\_-y) & : y < y\_\\ COST*(y-y\_) & : y \geq y\_ \end{array} \right. $$

loss_zdy=tf.reduce_sum(tf.where(tf.greater(y,y_),COST(y-y_),PROFIT(y_-y)))

如:预测酸奶销量,酸奶成本(COST)1元,酸奶利润(PROFIT)99元 预测少了损失利润99元,预测多了损失1元,希望生成的预测函数往多了预测

python

import tensorflow as tf
import numpy as np

SEED = 23455
COST = 1
PROFIT = 99

rdm = np.random.RandomState(SEED)
x = rdm.rand(32, 2)
y_ = [[x1 + x2 + (rdm.rand() / 10.0 - 0.05)] for (x1, x2) in x]  # 生成噪声[0,1)/10=[0,0.1); [0,0.1)-0.05=[-0.05,0.05)
x = tf.cast(x, dtype=tf.float32)

w1 = tf.Variable(tf.random.normal([2, 1], stddev=1, seed=1))

epoch = 10000
lr = 0.002

for epoch in range(epoch):
    with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
        y = tf.matmul(x, w1)
        loss = tf.reduce_sum(tf.where(tf.greater(y, y_), (y - y_) * COST, (y_ - y) * PROFIT))

    grads = tape.gradient(loss, w1)
    w1.assign_sub(lr * grads)

    if epoch % 500 == 0:
        print("After %d training steps,w1 is " % (epoch))
        print(w1.numpy(), "\n")
print("Final w1 is: ", w1.numpy())
  • 运行结果

$$H(y_,y)=-\sum y_*lny$$

CE(Cross Entropy):表示两个概率分布之间的距离 eg.二分类 已知答案y_=(1,0)

预测$y_1$=(0.6,0.4) $y_2$=(0.8,0.2)哪个更接近标准答案

$H_1((1,0),(0.6,0.4))=-(1 * ln0.6 + 0 * ln0.4) \approx -(-0.511 + 0) = 0.511$

$H_2((1,0),(0.8,0.2))=-(1 * ln0.8 + 0 * ln0.2) \approx -(-0.223 + 0) = 0.223$

因为$H_1>H_2$,所以$y_2$预测更准确

python

import tensorflow as tf
loss_ce1 = tf.losses.categorical_crossentropy([1, 0], [0.6, 0.4])
loss_ce2 = tf.losses.categorical_crossentropy([1, 0], [0.8, 0.2])
print("loss_ce1:", loss_ce1)
print("loss_ce2:", loss_ce2)
  • 运行结果

输出先过softmax函数,再计算y与y_的交叉熵损失函数

python

# softmax与交叉熵损失函数的结合
import tensorflow as tf
import numpy as np

y_ = np.array([[1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1], [1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0]])
y = np.array([[12, 3, 2], [3, 10, 1], [1, 2, 5], [4, 6.5, 1.2], [3, 6, 1]])
y_pro = tf.nn.softmax(y)
loss_ce1 = tf.losses.categorical_crossentropy(y_,y_pro)
loss_ce2 = tf.nn.softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits(y_, y)

print('分步计算的结果:\n', loss_ce1)
print('结合计算的结果:\n', loss_ce2)
  • 运行结果:

主要学习的资料,西安科技大学:神经网络与深度学习——TensorFlow2.0实战,北京大学:人工智能实践Tensorflow笔记


  • Author: Yasin
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